Month: September 2025

1. Introduction

The Mastersizer 3000 is a widely used laser diffraction particle size analyzer manufactured by Malvern Panalytical. It has become a key analytical tool in industries such as pharmaceuticals, chemicals, cement, food, coatings, and materials research. By applying laser diffraction principles, the instrument provides rapid, repeatable, and accurate measurements of particle size distributions.

Among its various configurations, the Aero S dry powder dispersion unit is essential for analyzing dry powders. This module relies on compressed air and vacuum control to disperse particles and to ensure that samples are introduced without agglomeration. Therefore, the stability of the pneumatic and vacuum subsystems directly affects data quality.

In practice, faults sometimes occur during startup or system cleaning. One such case involved a user who reported repeated errors during initialization and cleaning. The system displayed the following messages:

• “Pression d’air = 0 bar” (Air pressure = 0 bar)
• “Capteur de niveau de vide insuffisant” (Vacuum level insufficient)
• “A problem has occurred during system clean. Press reset to retry”

While the optical laser subsystem appeared normal (laser intensity ~72.97%), the pneumatic and vacuum functions failed, preventing measurements.
This article will analyze the fault systematically, covering:

• The operating principles of the Mastersizer 3000 pneumatic and vacuum systems
• Fault symptoms and possible causes
• A detailed troubleshooting and repair workflow
• Case study insights
• Preventive maintenance measures

The goal is to form a comprehensive technical study that can be used as a reference for engineers and laboratory technicians.

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2. Working Principle of the Mastersizer 3000 and Pneumatic System

2.1 Overall Instrument Architecture

The Mastersizer 3000 consists of the following core modules:

1. Optical system – Laser light source, lenses, and detectors that measure particle scattering signals.
2. Dispersion unit – Either a wet dispersion unit (for suspensions) or the Aero S dry powder dispersion system (for powders).
3. Pneumatic subsystem – Supplies compressed air to the Venturi nozzle to disperse particles.
4. Vacuum and cleaning system – Provides suction during cleaning cycles to remove residual particles.
5. Software and sensor monitoring – Continuously monitors laser intensity, detector signals, air pressure, vibration rate, and vacuum level.

2.2 The Aero S Dry Dispersion Unit

The Aero S operates based on Venturi dispersion:

• Compressed air (typically 4–6 bar, oil-free and dry) passes through a narrow nozzle, creating high-velocity airflow.
• Powder samples introduced into the airflow are broken apart into individual particles, which are carried into the laser measurement zone.
• A vibrator ensures continuous and controlled feeding of powder.

To monitor performance, the unit uses:

• Air pressure sensor – Ensures that the compressed air pressure is within the required range.
• Vacuum pump and vacuum sensor – Used during System Clean cycles to generate negative pressure and remove any residual powder.
• Electro-pneumatic valves – Control the switching between measurement, cleaning, and standby states.

2.3 Alarm Mechanisms

The software is designed to protect the system:

• If the air pressure < 0.5 bar or the pressure sensor detects zero, it triggers “Pression d’air = 0 bar”.
• If the vacuum pump fails or the vacuum sensor detects insufficient negative pressure, it triggers “Capteur de niveau de vide insuffisant”.
• During cleaning cycles, if either air or vacuum fails, the software displays “A problem has occurred during system clean”, halting the process.

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3. Fault Symptoms

3.1 Observed Behavior

The reported system displayed the following symptoms:

1. Air pressure reading = 0 bar (even though external compressed air was connected).
2. Vacuum insufficient – Cleaning could not be completed.
3. Each attempt at System Clean resulted in the same error.
4. Laser subsystem operated normally (~72.97% signal), confirming that the fault was confined to pneumatic/vacuum components.

3.2 Screen Snapshots

• Laser: ~72.97% – Normal.
• Air pressure: 0 bar – Abnormal.
• Vacuum insufficient – Abnormal.
• System Clean failed – Symptom repeated after each attempt.

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4. Possible Causes

Based on the working principle, the issue can be classified into four categories:

4.1 External Compressed Air Problems

• Insufficient pressure supplied (below 3 bar).
• Moisture or oil contamination in the air supply leading to blockage.
• Loose or disconnected inlet tubing.

4.2 Internal Pneumatic Issues

• Venturi nozzle blockage – Powder residue, dust, or oil accumulation.
• Tubing leak – Cracked or detached pneumatic hoses.
• Faulty solenoid valve – Valve stuck closed, preventing airflow.

4.3 Vacuum System Issues

• Vacuum pump not starting (electrical failure).
• Vacuum pump clogged filter, reducing suction.
• Vacuum hose leakage.
• Defective vacuum sensor giving false signals.

4.4 Sensor or Control Electronics

• Air pressure sensor drift or failure.
• Vacuum sensor malfunction.
• Control board failure in reading sensor values.
• Loose electrical connections.

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5. Troubleshooting Workflow

A structured troubleshooting approach helps isolate the problem quickly.

5.1 External Checks

1. Verify that compressed air supply ≥ 4 bar.
2. Inspect inlet tubing and fittings for leaks or loose connections.
3. Confirm that a dryer/filter is installed to ensure oil-free and moisture-free air.

5.2 Pneumatic Circuit Tests

1. Run manual Jet d’air in software. Observe if air flow is audible.
2. If no airflow, dismantle and inspect the Venturi nozzle for blockage.
3. Check solenoid valve operation: listen for clicking sound when activated.

5.3 Vacuum System Tests

1. Run manual Clean cycle. Listen for the vacuum pump running.
2. Disconnect vacuum tubing and feel for suction.
3. Inspect vacuum filter; clean or replace if clogged.
4. Measure vacuum with an external gauge.

5.4 Sensor Diagnostics

1. Open Diagnostics menu in the software.
2. Compare displayed sensor readings with actual measured pressure/vacuum.
3. If real pressure exists but software shows zero → sensor fault.
4. If vacuum pump works but error persists → vacuum sensor fault.

5.5 Control Electronics

1. Verify power supply to pneumatic control board.
2. Check connectors between sensors and board.
3. If replacing sensors does not fix the issue, the control board may require replacement.

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6. Repair Methods and Case Analysis

6.1 Air Supply Repairs

• Adjust and stabilize supply at 5 bar.
• Install or replace dryer filters to prevent moisture/oil contamination.
• Replace damaged air tubing.

6.2 Internal Pneumatic Repairs

• Clean Venturi nozzle with alcohol or compressed air.
• Replace faulty solenoid valves.
• Renew old or cracked pneumatic tubing.

6.3 Vacuum System Repairs

• Disassemble vacuum pump and clean filter.
• Replace vacuum pump if motor does not run.
• Replace worn sealing gaskets.

6.4 Sensor Replacement

• Replace faulty pressure sensor or vacuum sensor.
• Recalibrate sensors after installation.

6.5 Case Study Result

In the real case:

• External compressed air supply was only 1.4 bar, below specifications.
• The vacuum pump failed to start (no noise, no suction).
• After increasing compressed air supply to 5 bar and replacing the vacuum pump, the system returned to normal operation.

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7. Preventive Maintenance Recommendations

7.1 Air Supply Management

• Maintain external compressed air ≥ 4 bar.
• Always use an oil-free compressor.
• Install a dryer and oil separator filter, replacing filter elements regularly.

7.2 Routine Cleaning

• Run System Clean after each measurement to avoid powder buildup.
• Periodically dismantle and clean the Venturi nozzle.

7.3 Vacuum Pump Maintenance

• Inspect and replace filters every 6–12 months.
• Monitor pump noise and vibration; service if abnormal.
• Replace worn gaskets and seals promptly.

7.4 Sensor Calibration

• Perform annual calibration of air pressure and vacuum sensors by the manufacturer or accredited service center.

7.5 Software Monitoring

• Regularly check the Diagnostics panel to detect early drift in sensor readings.
• Record data logs to compare performance over time.

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8. Conclusion

The Mastersizer 3000, when combined with the Aero S dry dispersion unit, relies heavily on stable air pressure and vacuum control. Failures such as “Air pressure = 0 bar” and “Vacuum level insufficient” disrupt operation, especially during System Clean cycles.

Through systematic analysis, the faults can be traced to:

• External compressed air issues (low pressure, leaks, contamination)
• Internal pneumatic blockages or valve faults
• Vacuum pump failures or leaks
• Sensor malfunctions or control board errors

A structured troubleshooting process — starting from external supply → pneumatic circuit → vacuum pump → sensors → electronics — ensures efficient fault localization.
In the reported case, increasing the compressed air pressure and replacing the defective vacuum pump successfully restored the instrument.

For laboratories and production environments, preventive maintenance is crucial:

• Ensure stable, clean compressed air supply.
• Clean and service nozzles, filters, and pumps regularly.
• Calibrate sensors annually.
• Monitor diagnostics to detect anomalies early.

By applying these strategies, downtime can be minimized, measurement accuracy preserved, and instrument lifespan extended.

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— A Case Study on “Measurement Operation Failed” Errors

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1. Introduction

In particle size analysis, the Malvern Mastersizer 3000E is one of the most widely used laser diffraction particle size analyzers in laboratories worldwide. It can rapidly and accurately determine particle size distributions for powders, emulsions, and suspensions. To accommodate different dispersion requirements, the system is usually equipped with either wet or dry dispersion units. Among these, the Hydro EV wet dispersion unit is commonly used due to its flexibility, ease of operation, and automation features.

However, during routine use, operators often encounter issues during initialization, such as the error messages:

• “A problem has occurred during initialisation”
• “Measurement operation has failed”

These errors prevent the system from completing background measurements and optical alignment, effectively stopping any further sample analysis.

This article focuses on these common issues. It provides a technical analysis covering the working principles, system components, error causes, troubleshooting strategies, preventive maintenance, and a detailed case study based on real laboratory scenarios. The aim is to help users systematically identify the root cause of failures and restore the system to full operation.

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2. Working Principles of the Mastersizer 3000E and Hydro EV

2.1 Principle of Laser Diffraction Particle Size Analysis

The Mastersizer 3000E uses the laser diffraction method to measure particle sizes. The principle is as follows:

• When a laser beam passes through a medium containing dispersed particles, scattering occurs.
• Small particles scatter light at large angles, while large particles scatter light at small angles.
• An array of detectors measures the intensity distribution of the scattered light.
• Using Mie scattering theory (or the Fraunhofer approximation), the system calculates the particle size distribution.

Thus, accurate measurement depends on three critical factors:

1. Stable laser output
2. Well-dispersed particles in the sample without bubbles
3. Proper detection of scattered light by the detector array

2.2 Role of the Hydro EV Wet Dispersion Unit

The Hydro EV serves as the wet dispersion accessory of the Mastersizer 3000E. Its main functions include:

1. Sample dispersion – Stirring and circulating liquid to ensure that particles are evenly suspended.
2. Liquid level and flow control – Equipped with sensors and pumps to maintain stable liquid conditions in the sample cell.
3. Bubble elimination – Reduces interference from air bubbles in the optical path.
4. Automated cleaning – Runs flushing and cleaning cycles to prevent cross-contamination.

The Hydro EV connects to the main system via tubing and fittings, and all operations are controlled through the Mastersizer software.

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3. Typical Error Symptoms and System Messages

Operators often observe the following system messages:

1. “A problem has occurred during initialisation… Press reset to retry”
   • Indicates failure during system checks such as background measurement, alignment, or hardware initialization.
2. “Measurement operation has failed”
   • Means the measurement process was interrupted or aborted due to hardware/software malfunction.
3. Stuck at “Measuring dark background / Aligning system”
   • Suggests the optical system cannot establish a valid baseline or align properly.

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4. Root Causes of Failures

Based on experience and manufacturer documentation, the failures can be classified into the following categories:

4.1 Optical System Issues

• Laser not switched on or degraded laser power output
• Contamination, scratches, or condensation on optical windows
• Optical misalignment preventing light from reaching detectors

4.2 Hydro EV Dispersion System Issues

• Air bubbles in the liquid circuit cause unstable signals
• Liquid level sensors malfunction or misinterpret liquid presence
• Pump or circulation failure
• Stirrer malfunction or abnormal speed

4.3 Sample and User Operation Errors

• Sample concentration too low, producing nearly no scattering
• Sample cell incorrectly installed or not sealed properly
• Large bubbles or contaminants present in the sample liquid

4.4 Software and Communication Errors

• Unstable USB or hardware communication
• Software version mismatch or system crash
• Incorrect initialization parameters (e.g., threshold, dispersion mode)

4.5 Hardware Failures

• Malfunctioning detector array
• Damaged internal electronics or control circuits
• End-of-life laser module requiring replacement

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5. Troubleshooting and Resolution Path

To efficiently identify the source of the problem, troubleshooting should follow a layered approach:

5.1 Restart and Reset

• Power down both software and hardware, wait several minutes, then restart.
• Press Reset in the software and attempt initialization again.

5.2 Check Hydro EV Status

• Confirm fluid is circulating properly.
• Ensure liquid level sensors detect the liquid.
• Run the “Clean System” routine to verify pump and stirrer functionality.

5.3 Inspect Optical and Sample Cell Conditions

• Remove and thoroughly clean the cuvette and optical windows.
• Confirm correct installation of the sample cell.
• Run a background measurement with clean water to rule out bubble interference.

5.4 Verify Laser Functionality

• Check whether laser power levels change in software.
• Visually confirm the presence of a laser beam if possible.
• If the laser does not switch on, the module may require service.

5.5 Communication and Software Checks

• Replace USB cables or test alternate USB ports.
• Install the software on another PC and repeat the test.
• Review software logs for detailed error codes.

5.6 Hardware Diagnostics

• Run built-in diagnostic tools to check subsystems.
• If detectors or control circuits fail the diagnostics, service or replacement is required.

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6. Preventive Maintenance Practices

To reduce the likelihood of these failures, users should adopt the following practices:

1. Routine Hydro EV Cleaning
   • Flush tubing and reservoirs with clean water after each measurement.
2. Maintain Optical Window Integrity
   • Regularly clean using lint-free wipes and suitable solvents.
   • Prevent scratches or deposits on optical surfaces.
3. Monitor Laser Output
   • Check laser power readings in software periodically.
   • Contact manufacturer if output decreases significantly.
4. Avoid Bubble Interference
   • Introduce samples slowly.
   • Use sonication or degassing techniques if necessary.
5. Keep Software and Firmware Updated
   • Install recommended updates to avoid compatibility problems.
6. Maintain Maintenance Logs
   • Document cleaning, servicing, and errors for historical reference.

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7. Case Study: “Measurement Operation Failed”

7.1 Scenario Description

• Error messages appeared during initialization:
  “Measuring dark background” → “Aligning system” → “Measurement operation has failed.”
• Hardware setup: Mastersizer 3000E with Hydro EV connected.
• Likely symptoms: Bubbles or unstable liquid flow in Hydro EV, preventing valid background detection.

7.2 Troubleshooting Actions

1. Reset and restart system.
2. Check tubing and liquid circulation – purge air bubbles and confirm stable flow.
3. Clean sample cell and optical windows – ensure transparent pathways.
4. Run background measurement – if failure persists, test laser operation.
5. Software and diagnostics – record log files, run diagnostic tools, and escalate to manufacturer if necessary.

7.3 Key Lessons

This case illustrates that background instability and optical interference are the most common causes of initialization errors. By addressing dispersion stability (Hydro EV liquid system) and ensuring optical cleanliness, most problems can be resolved without hardware replacement.

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8. Conclusion

The Malvern Mastersizer 3000E with Hydro EV wet dispersion unit is a powerful and versatile solution for particle size analysis. Nevertheless, operational errors and system failures such as “Measurement operation failed” can significantly impact workflow.

Through technical analysis, these failures can generally be attributed to five categories: optical issues, dispersion system problems, sample/operation errors, software/communication faults, and hardware damage.

This article outlined a systematic troubleshooting workflow:

• Restart and reset
• Verify Hydro EV operation
• Inspect optical components and cuvette
• Confirm laser activity
• Check software and communication
• Run hardware diagnostics

Additionally, preventive maintenance strategies—such as cleaning, monitoring laser performance, and preventing bubbles—are critical for long-term system stability.

By applying these structured troubleshooting and maintenance practices, laboratories can minimize downtime, extend the instrument’s lifetime, and ensure reliable particle size measurements.

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Part I: Product Overview and Core Functions

1.1 Product Introduction

The Partech 740 portable sludge concentration meter is a high-precision instrument specifically designed for monitoring in sewage treatment, industrial wastewater, and surface water. It enables rapid measurement of Suspended Solids (SS), Sludge Blanket Level (SBL), and Turbidity. Its key advantages include:

• Portability and Protection: Featuring an IP65-rated enclosure with a shock-resistant protective case and safety lanyard, it is suitable for use in harsh environments.
• Multi-Scenario Adaptability: Supports up to 10 user-defined configuration profiles to meet diverse calibration needs for different water qualities (e.g., Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids (MLSS), Final Effluent (F.E.)).
• High-Precision Measurement: Utilizes infrared light attenuation principle (880nm wavelength) with a measurement range of 0–20,000 mg/l and repeatability error ≤ ±1% FSD.

1.2 Core Components

• Host Unit: Dimensions 224×106×39mm (H×W×D), weight 0.5kg, with built-in NiMH battery offering 5 hours of runtime.
• Soli-Tech 10 Sensor: Black acetal construction, IP68 waterproof rating, 5m standard cable (extendable to 100m), supporting dual-range modes (low and high concentration).
• Accessory Kit: Includes charger (compatible with EU/US/UK plugs), nylon tool bag, and operation manual.

Part II: Hardware Configuration and Initial Setup

2.1 Device Assembly and Startup

• Sensor Connection: Insert the Soli-Tech 10 sensor into the host unit’s bottom port and tighten the waterproof cap.
• Power On/Off: Press and hold the ON/OFF key on the panel. The initialization screen appears (approx. 3 seconds).
• Battery Management:
  • Charging status indicated by LED (red: charging; green: fully charged).
  • Auto-shutdown timer configurable (default: 5-minute inactivity sleep).

2.2 Keypad and Display Layout

• Six-Key Membrane Keyboard:
  • ↑/↓/←/→: Menu navigation and value adjustment.
  • OK: Confirm selection.
  • MENU: Return to the previous menu or cancel operation.
• Display Layout:
  • Main screen: Large font displays current measurement (e.g., 1500 mg/l), with status bar showing battery level, units, and fault alerts.

Part III: Measurement Process and Calibration Methods

3.1 Basic Measurement Operation

• Select Configuration Profile:
  Navigate to MAIN MENU → Select Profile and choose a preset or custom profile (e.g., “Charlestown MLSS”).
• Real-Time Measurement:
  Immerse the sensor in the liquid. The host updates data every 0.2 seconds.
• Damping Adjustment:
  Configure response speed via Profile Config → Damping Rate (e.g., “Medium” for 30-second stabilization).

3.2 Calibration Steps (Suspended Solids Example)

• Zero Calibration:
  Navigate to Calibration → Set Zero, immerse the sensor in purified water, and press OK to collect data for 5 seconds.
  • Error Alert: If “Sensor Input Too High” appears, clean the sensor or replace the zero water.
• Span Calibration:
  Select Set Span, input the standard solution value (e.g., 1000 mg/l), immerse the sensor, and press OK to collect data for 10 seconds.
• Secondary Calibration:
  For delayed laboratory results, use Take Sample to store signals and later input actual values via Enter Sample Result for correction.

3.3 Advanced Calibration Options

• Lookup Table Linearization:
  Adjust X/Y values in Profile Adv Config for nonlinear samples.
• Constant Correction:
  A/B/C coefficients for computational adjustments (requires vendor technical support).

Part IV: Profile Management and Customization

4.1 Creating a New Profile

• Startup Wizard: Navigate to MAIN MENU → New Profile Wizard.
• Step-by-Step Setup:
  • Preset Type: Select “STW MLSS” or “User Defined”.
  • Naming and User Info: Supports 21 characters (e.g., “Aeration Lane 1”).
  • Units and Range: Options include mg/l, g/l, FTU, with automatic range scaling (e.g., mg/l→g/l conversion).

4.2 Parameter Customization

• Display Title: Modify via Profile Config → Measurement Title (e.g., “Final Effluent SS”).
• Security Settings: Enable password protection via Lock Instrument (default: 1000, customizable).

Part V: Maintenance and Troubleshooting

5.1 Routine Maintenance

• Sensor Cleaning: Wipe the probe with a soft cloth to avoid organic residue.
• Battery Care: Charge monthly during long-term storage.
• Storage Conditions: -20~60°C in a dry environment.

5.2 Common Faults and Solutions

Fault Phenomenon	Possible Cause	Solution
“No Sensor” displayed	Loose connection or sensor failure	Check interface or replace sensor
Value drift	Calibration failure or low damping	Recalibrate or adjust damping to “Slow”
Charging indicator off	Power adapter failure	Replace compatible charger (11–14VDC)

5.3 Factory Repair

Include fault description, contact information, and safety precautions.

Part VI: Technical Specifications and Compliance

• EMC Certification: Complies with EN 50081/50082 standards and EU EMC Directive (89/336/EEC).
• Accuracy Verification: Use Fuller’s Earth or Formazin standard solutions (refer to Chapters 20–21 for preparation methods).
• Software Version: Check via Information → Software Version and contact the vendor for updates.

Appendix: Quick Operation Flowchart

Startup → Select Profile → Immerse Sample → Read Data

For Abnormalities:

1. Check sensor.
2. Restart device.
3. Contact technical support.

This guide comprehensively covers operational essentials for the Partech 740. Enhance efficiency with practical examples (e.g., “Bill Smith’s Profile Example” in Chapter 4). For advanced technical support, please contact us.

Introduction

OHAUS, a renowned brand in the laboratory instrumentation sector, is celebrated for its MB series moisture analyzers, which are recognized for their efficiency, reliability, and cost-effectiveness. Among them, the MB45 model stands out as an advanced product within the series, specifically tailored for industries such as pharmaceuticals, chemicals, food and beverage, quality control, and environmental testing. Leveraging cutting-edge halogen heating technology and a precision weighing system, the MB45 is capable of rapidly and accurately determining the moisture content of samples. This comprehensive user guide, based on the product introduction and user manuals of the OHAUS MB45 Halogen Moisture Analyzer, aims to assist users in mastering the instrument’s usage from understanding its principles to practical operation and maintenance. The guide will adhere to the following structure: principles and features of the instrument, installation and simple measurement, calibration and adjustment, operation methods, maintenance, and troubleshooting. The content strives to be original and detailed, ensuring users can avoid common pitfalls and achieve efficient measurements in practical applications. Let’s delve into the details step by step.

1. Principles and Features of the Instrument

1.1 Instrument Principles

The working principle of the OHAUS MB45 Halogen Moisture Analyzer is based on thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), a classical relative measurement method. In essence, the instrument evaporates the moisture within a sample by heating it and calculates the moisture content based on the weight difference before and after drying. The specific process is as follows:

• Initial Weighing: At the start of the test, the instrument precisely measures the initial weight of the sample. This step relies on the built-in high-precision balance system to minimize errors.
• Heating and Drying: Utilizing a halogen lamp as the heat source, the analyzer generates uniform infrared radiation heating, which is 40% faster than traditional infrared heating. The heating element, designed with a gold-reflective inner chamber, evenly distributes heat to prevent local overheating that could lead to sample decomposition. The temperature can be precisely controlled between 50°C and 200°C, with increments of 1°C.
• Real-Time Monitoring: During the drying process, the instrument continuously monitors changes in the sample’s weight. As moisture evaporates, the weight decreases until a preset shutdown criterion is met (e.g., weight loss rate falls below a threshold).
• Moisture Content Calculation: The moisture percentage (%Moisture) is calculated using the formula: Moisture% = [(Initial Weight – Dried Weight) / Initial Weight] × 100%. Additionally, the analyzer can display %Solids, %Regain, weight in grams, or custom units.

The advantage of this principle lies in its relative measurement approach: it does not require absolute calibration of the sample’s initial weight; only the difference before and after drying is needed to obtain accurate results. This makes the MB45 particularly suitable for handling a wide range of substances, from liquids to solids, and even samples with skin formation or thermal sensitivity. Compared to the traditional oven method, thermogravimetric analysis significantly reduces testing time, typically requiring only minutes rather than hours. Moreover, the built-in software algorithm of the instrument can process complex samples, ensuring high repeatability (0.015% repeatability when using a 10g sample).

In practical applications, the principle also involves heat transfer and volatilization kinetics. The “light-speed heating” characteristic of halogen heating allows the testing area to reach full temperature in less than one minute, with precision heating software gradually controlling the temperature to avoid overshooting. Users can further optimize heating accuracy using an optional temperature calibration kit.

1.2 Instrument Features

As a high-end model in the MB series, the OHAUS MB45 integrates multiple advanced features that set it apart from the competition:

• High-Performance Heating System: The halogen heating element is durable and provides uniform infrared heating. Compared to traditional infrared technology, it starts faster and operates more efficiently. The gold-reflective inner chamber design ensures even heat distribution, reducing testing time and enhancing performance.
• Precision Weighing: With a capacity of 45g and a readability of 0.01%/0.001g, the instrument offers strong repeatability: 0.05% for a 3g sample and 0.015% for a 10g sample. This makes it suitable for high-precision requirements, such as trace moisture determination in the pharmaceutical industry.
• User-Friendly Interface: Equipped with a 128×64 pixel backlit LCD display, the analyzer supports multiple languages (English, Spanish, French, Italian, German). The display provides rich information, including %Moisture, %Solids, weight, time, temperature, drying curve, and statistical data.
• Powerful Software Functions: The integrated database can store up to 50 drying programs. It supports four automatic drying programs (Fast, Standard, Ramp, Step) for easy one-touch operation. The statistical function automatically calculates standard deviations, making it suitable for quality control. Automatic shutdown options include three pre-programmed endpoints, custom criteria, or timed tests.
• Connectivity and Compliance: The standard RS232 port facilitates connection to printers or computers and supports GLP/GMP format printing. The instrument complies with ISO9001 quality assurance specifications and holds CE, UL, CSA, and FCC certifications.
• Compact Design: Measuring only 19×15.2x36cm and weighing 4.6kg, the analyzer fits well in laboratory spaces with limited room. It operates within a temperature range of 5°C to 40°C.
• Additional Features: Built-in battery backup protects data; multiple display modes can be switched; custom units are supported; a test library allows for storing, editing, and running tests; and statistical data tracking is available.
• Accessory Support: Includes a temperature calibration kit, anti-theft device, sample pan handler, 20g calibration weight, etc. Accessories such as aluminum sample pans (80 pieces) and glass fiber pads (200 pieces) facilitate daily use.

These features make the MB45 suitable not only for pharmaceutical, chemical, and research fields but also for continuous operations in food and beverage, environmental, and quality control applications. Its excellent repeatability and rapid results (up to 40% faster) enhance production efficiency. Compared to the basic model MB35, the MB45 offers a larger sample capacity (45g vs. 35g), a wider temperature range (200°C vs. 160°C), and supports more heating options and test library functions.

In summary, the principles and features of the MB45 embody OHAUS’s traditional qualities: reliability, precision, and user orientation. Through these technologies, users can obtain consistent and accurate results while streamlining operational processes.

2. Installation and Simple Measurement of the Instrument

2.1 Installation Steps

Proper installation is crucial for ensuring the accuracy and safety of the OHAUS MB45 Moisture Analyzer. Below is a detailed installation guide based on the step-by-step instructions in the manual.

• Unpacking and Inspection: Open the packaging and inspect the standard equipment: the instrument body, sample pan handler, 20 aluminum sample pans, glass fiber pads, specimen sample (absorbent glass fiber pad), draft shield components, heat shield, power cord, user manual, and warranty card. Confirm that there is no damage; if any issues are found, contact the dealer.
• Selecting a Location: Place the instrument on a horizontal, stable, and vibration-free workbench. Avoid direct sunlight, heat sources, drafts, or magnetic field interference. The ambient temperature should be between 5°C and 40°C, with moderate humidity. Ensure there is sufficient space at the rear for heat dissipation (at least 10cm). If moved from a cold environment, allow several hours for stabilization.
• Installing the Heat Shield, Draft Shield, and Sample Pan Support: Open the heating chamber cover and place the heat shield (circular metal plate) at the bottom of the chamber. Install the draft shield (plastic ring) to prevent airflow interference. Then, insert the sample pan support (tripod) and ensure stability.
• Leveling the Instrument: Use the front level bubble and adjustable feet to adjust the level. Rotate the feet until the bubble is centered to ensure repeatable results.
• Connecting the Power Supply: Plug the power cord into the socket at the rear of the instrument and connect it to a 120V or 240V AC, 50/60Hz power source. Warning: Use only the original power cord and avoid extension cords. Before the first use, ensure the voltage matches.
• Powering On: Press the On/Off button, and the display will illuminate. After self-testing, the instrument enters the main interface. If stored in a cold environment, allow time for预热 (warm-up) and stabilization.

After installation, it is recommended to perform a preliminary check: close the lid to ensure no abnormal noises; test the balance stability.

2.2 Simple Measurement Steps

After installation, you can proceed with a simple measurement to familiarize yourself with the instrument. Use the provided specimen sample (glass fiber pad) for the test.

• Preparing the Sample: Take approximately 1g of the specimen sample and evenly place it in an aluminum sample pan. Cover it with a glass fiber pad to prevent liquid splashing.
• Entering the Test Menu: Press the Test button to enter the default settings: Test ID as “-DEFAULT-“, temperature at 100°C, and time at 10:00 minutes.
• Placing the Sample: Open the cover and use the sample pan handler to place the sample pan inside. Close the cover to ensure a seal.
• Starting the Measurement: Press the Start/Stop button. The instrument begins heating and weighing. The display shows real-time information such as time, temperature, and moisture%.
• Monitoring the Process: Observe the drying curve. The initial weight is displayed, followed by the current moisture content (e.g., 4.04%) during the process. Press the Display button to switch views: %Moisture, %Solids, weight in grams, etc.
• Ending the Measurement: Once the preset time or shutdown criterion is reached, the instrument automatically stops. A beep sounds to indicate completion. The final result, such as the moisture percentage, is displayed.
• Removing the Sample: Carefully use the handler to remove the hot sample pan to avoid burns. Clean any residue.

This simple measurement typically takes 8-10 minutes. Through this process, users can understand the basic workflow: from sample preparation to result reading. Note: The first measurement may require parameter adjustments to match specific samples.

3. Calibration and Adjustment of the Instrument

3.1 Weight Calibration

Weight calibration ensures the accuracy of the balance. Although not strictly necessary for moisture determination, it is recommended to perform it regularly.

• Preparation: Use a 20g external calibration weight (an optional accessory). Ensure the instrument is level and the sample chamber is empty.
• Entering the Menu: Press the Setup button and select “Weight Calibration.”
• Process: Close the cover and press Enter to begin. When “Place 0g” is displayed, ensure the pan is empty; then, when “Place 20g” is shown, place the calibration weight on the pan. The instrument automatically calibrates and displays success or failure.
• Completion: Press Display to return to the main interface. If calibration fails, check for weight or environmental interference.

After calibration, print a report (if GLP is enabled) to record the date, time, and results.

3.2 Temperature Calibration

Temperature calibration uses an optional temperature calibration kit to ensure heating accuracy.

• Preparation: The kit includes a temperature probe. Allow the instrument to cool for at least 30 minutes.
• Entering the Menu: Navigate to Setup > “Temperature Calibration.”
• Process: Insert the probe and press Enter. The instrument heats to a preset temperature (e.g., 100°C), and the probe reading is compared to the instrument display. Adjust the deviation and press Enter to confirm.
• Multi-Point Calibration: Calibrate multiple temperature points (50-200°C) if needed.
• Completion: The display indicates success. Perform regular calibration (monthly or after frequent use).

3.3 Other Adjustments

• Language Settings: Navigate to Setup > Language to select English or other supported languages.
• Buzzer Volume: Adjust the buzzer volume under Setup > Beeper to Low/High/Off.
• Time and Date: Set the time and date format under Setup > Time-Date.
• Display Contrast and Brightness: Adjust the display visibility under Setup > Adjust Display.
• RS232 Settings: Configure the baud rate, parity, etc., under Setup > RS232.
• Printing and GLP: Enable automatic printing under Setup > Print/GLP.
• Factory Reset: Restore default settings under Setup > Factory Reset.

These adjustments optimize the user experience and ensure the instrument meets specific needs.

4. Operation of the Instrument

4.1 Operation Concepts

The MB45 is operated through the front panel buttons and menus. The main menu includes Setup (settings) and Test (testing). The test menu allows for customizing parameters such as Test ID, drying curve, temperature, shutdown criteria, result display, custom units, target weight, and print interval.

4.2 Entering a Test ID

Press Test > Test ID and input an alphanumeric ID (e.g., sample name).

4.3 Setting the Drying Curve

Choose from Standard (minimal overshoot), Fast (rapid heating), Ramp (controlled slope), or Step (three-step temperature).

4.4 Setting the Drying Temperature

Select a temperature between 50°C and 200°C, with increments of 1°C. Choose a temperature suitable for the sample to avoid decomposition.

4.5 Choosing Shutdown Criteria

• Manual: Press Stop to halt the test.
• Timed: Set a duration between 1 and 120 minutes.
• Automatic: Select A30/A60/A90 (weight loss rate < threshold/second).
• Automatic Free: Customize the weight loss rate.

4.6 Result Display

Choose to display %Moisture, %Solids, %Regain, weight in grams, or custom units.

4.7 Custom Units

Define formulas, such as the moisture/solids ratio.

4.8 Target Weight and Print Interval

Set a target weight prompt; configure the print interval between 1 and 120 seconds.

4.9 Saving and Running Tests

Save up to 50 test programs in the library; run a test by pressing Start.

4.10 Running Mode Display

View real-time curves and statistical data during operation.

4.11 Using the Library

Edit and lock test programs for consistent testing.

When operating the instrument, prioritize safety: wear gloves to avoid burns and optimize sample preparation for the best results.

5. Maintenance and Troubleshooting of the Instrument

5.1 Maintenance

Regular maintenance extends the instrument’s lifespan:

• Cleaning: After disconnecting the power, use a soft cloth to wipe the exterior. Use compressed air to blow dust out of the interior. Avoid introducing liquids.
• Replacing Fuses: Access the fuse box at the rear and replace fuses with the same specifications.
• Resetting Thermal Overload: If heating fails, press the reset button at the rear to restore functionality.
• Storage: Store the instrument in a dry, room-temperature environment.

5.2 Common Faults and Solutions

• Black Display Screen: Check the power supply and fuses; contact service if necessary.
• Prolonged Measurement Time: Adjust the shutdown criteria or drying curve.
• Inaccurate Results: Calibrate the weight and temperature; review sample preparation.
• Error Detection: The display shows error codes; refer to the manual to restart or seek service.
• Other Issues: If there is no weight change in the sample, clean the balance; if overheating occurs, check ventilation.

If issues persist, contact OHAUS service for assistance.

Conclusion

This comprehensive guide equips users with a thorough understanding of the OHAUS MB45 Halogen Moisture Analyzer. Users are encouraged to apply this knowledge in practice and optimize their testing processes for the best results.